Basic Goals essays

Basic Goals essays Question: What are the basic goals of consequence intervention? A consequence is a stimulus that contingently follows a behavior. Consequence interventions are strategies that address the stimuli. Two strategies can be use when problem behavior occurs more frequently: increase reinforcement for desirable behavior and decrease reinforcement when engaging in problem behavior. The basic goals of consequence intervention are: minimizing reinforcement for problem behavior, increasing reinforcement for desirable behavior, redirecting the student towards alternative responses, and providing strategies that assure health and safety. Strategies for minimizing reinforcement for behavior problems may include considering the response efficiency of a new skill by 2. Immediacy of the rein forcer following a response 4. Quality of the rein forcer following a response Withholding reinforcement for problem behavior can minimize the undesirable behavior. Another strategy for minimizing reinforcement for behavior problems is ignoring problem behavior; thereby avoiding coercive interactions. Another goal of consequence intervention is to increase reinforcement for desired behavior. Reinforcement refers to the relationship between behavior and its consequences. Increasing reinforcement for desired behavior can be obtained by: 1. Providing positive interactions regardless of student 2. Including four positive interactions for every request or correction 3. Spending time listening to and accepting students ideas In conclusion the basic goals of a consequence intervention are: minimizing reinforcement for problem behavior, increasing reinforcement for desirable behavior, redirecting the student towards alternative responses, and providing crisis prevention strategies that assure health and safety. ...

Poems on Poetry Essays

Poems on Poetry Essays Poems on Poetry Essay Poems on Poetry Essay Essay Topic: The Poems Of Billy Collins In the poems How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam and Introduction to Poetry’ by Billy Collins, important ideas are presented about how poetry should be experienced and enjoyed. The poets used the techniques extended metaphor, repetition, metaphors and personification to show me how these ideas is important. In How to Eat a Poem’ by Eve Merriam, the author describes how poetry is to be experienced. Poetry doesn’t need any manners and has no rules. Don’t be polite / Bite in. is an example of just jumping in to poetry because it’s got no manners and it’s for everyone. It is ready and ripe now, whenever you are. Shows us that poetry is for everyone. Poetry never goes away because it always written on paper. It’s not hard you don’t have to be clever to enjoy poetry because it’s always there to be read. Poetry is to be experienced and enjoyed by anyone. In the poem How to Eat a Poem’, the techniques of Extended metaphor and repetition are used to show me the important idea. Extended metaphor us used in the lines Pick it up with your fingers and lick the juice that. / May rush down your chin. / It is ready and ripe now, whenever you are. To compare juicy fruit to poetry. Through doing this, the poet helps me understand that poetry is about experiencing poetry, and not holding back but in fact diving in. It also helps me understand that you can be messy and enjoy your poem. Repetition is used in the lines or stem / or rind / or pit / or seed or skin. To compare poetry to the inside of a fruit. Doing this has helped me understand that poems aren’t hard, that they are fun and don’t have the bad bit of a fruit. That it’s really tasty and anyone can do it. These two techniques help compare juicy fruit to poems.In the poem Introduction to Poetry’ the poet shows me the important idea that poetry is about having fun. Poems are made to have fun for everybody not just cleverest people. It’s for people who like having fun. I want them to waterski / across the surface of a poem / waiving at the authors name on the shore. The author is also trying to tell you to not over analyze things. In the poem it states that all we want to do is torture it and get a confession out of it. Poems are to be about having fun, not trying to find every possible meaning and to just skim across getting the ideas that the poet wants us too.Poems are about having fun and not over analyzing them. In the poem Introduction to Poetry’, the techniques metaphor and personification are used to show me the important idea. Metaphor is used in the lines I want them to waterski / across the surface of a poem / waving at the authors name on the surface. Which compares waterskiing and having fun to a poem that is fun and relaxing. This helps me understand that poetry is fun and relaxing just like waterskiing. When you imagine yourself waterskiing you imagine a sunny day, speeding along bouncing up and down on waves while waving to your friends on the shore in the sand.Poems are the same you can enjoy yourself through rhyming or using alliteration. All the techniques that make a poem fun and enjoyable to write and read. Personification is used in the lines But all they want to do / is tie the poem to a chair with a rope / and torture a confession out of it to compare tying up a person to a chair and trying to get a confession out of it. Over analyzing a poem and taking meanings that aren’t meant to be instead of taking the idea that the poet tries to convey. Doing this the poet helps me understand that poetry is to be about the images or the meanings that the poet is telling you.That poetry doesn’t need to be tied to a chair and tortured, so it gives a confession that it doesn’t have to be an expert that needs to analyze it, anyone can do it. Poetry is intended to be enjoyed, anyone can do it, it doesn’t need to be over analyzed. Both of these poems have helped me understand more about poetry and what it’s about. That poetry is about having fun and to be experienced by everyone. Anyone and everyone can enjoy poems, they don’t have to be the cleverest or the smartest to understand poetry. I think these two poems represent what poems are about.

Young People Television News and Citizenship Literature review

Young People Television News and Citizenship - Literature review Example He made an attempt to study the formulation and development of identities of young informants. He argued that it is possible to investigate the pop culture and media’s significance in the society if an ethnographic research model is employed in the research which is linked with the daily social processes and interaction of the personnel included in the study. Dover (2007) suggested a couple of very useful research methods to study the symbolic- and use-value of pop culture and media with respect to various teen consumers. The research model goes far beyond the link between text and consumer. In his research, Harindranath (2006) constructed a theoretical framework in order to study the media audiences with respect to their involvement in the deliberative democracy. The researcher argued that in order to start the democratic dialogue and exchange of views regarding the public spheres, it is imperative that the concepts of â€Å"mediated knowledge and representation and inequali ty of access to symbolic resources and cultural capital† (Harindranath, 2006) are explored. Buckingham (2002) refers to past research to identify the difficulties encountered by young people while interpreting news along with their perceptions of the way of representation of primary sociopolitical problems in the news. Buckingham (2007) argued that the political understanding needs to be evaluated in context of the modern societies.

TORT LAW - F Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

TORT LAW - F - Essay Example The difference between the two thus far developed has been a cause of grave concern for common law, but the distinction has been made evident by recent cases to a great extent, especially with the presence of principles laid out in Alcock v Chief Constable of Yorkshire Police [1992]1 and McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983]2. What is Nervous Shock? Nervous shock is described as an array of recognizable psychiatric diseases which are over and beyond the usual distresses a person encounters upon witnessing the scene of an accident. Mere emotional setbacks that are considered ordinary, including fear, grief and worry are not considered sufficient at law3. Thus, ailments such as clinical depression, anxiety neurosis, and post traumatic stress disorder fall into the category of nervous shock, which admittedly is a label underplayed as it represents a larger than normal degree of psychiatric damage4 than simply suggesting an element of shock. As Lord Jauncey clarified in Alcock at 419, the c laimant must suffer a â€Å"recognizable psychiatric illness† in order to justify cause for action (Chadwick v British Transport Commission [1967]5). Thus, it must be observed that nervous shock is more aptly treated as personal injury to the mind as different from personal injury to the body. It follows that the first step to determining whether a claim of psychiatric damage is valid at law would be to categorize the kind of harm experienced, and whether it was serious enough to give rise to a duty of care on the part of the defendant, as normal fear and anxiety is exempt from such duty and people are expected to be of reasonable firmness capable of dealing with normal distresses6. Negligently Inflicted Psychiatric Harm If a claim for psychiatric harm stems from one in negligence, the same principles of establishing a claim apply. Thus, the four requirements of a negligent act must be present, namely the duty of care, breach of that duty, causation and the damage resulting f rom that breach which must not be characterized as too remote. The law related to duty of care is illustrated well by the principles established in Donoghue v Stevenson7 and Caparo Industries v Dickman8. The duty of care is established when a sufficient relationship can be established by virtue of neighborhood and proximity of relationship so that the claimant can be reasonably foreseen to be injured by the defendant’s act and whether establishing such a duty would be fair, just and reasonable in the present case9. In order to establish this duty, the courts take heed from recognized duty situations (Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman [1985])10. Thus, a manufacturer may be sued by a consumer for a defective product which causes physical harm (Donogue), the driver of a car who engages in an accident but only causes psychiatric damage but no physical damage to the victim he collides with may also be liable (Page v Smith [1995])11 but the employee-employer relationship does not g ive rise to an automatic duty of care in terms of psychiatric injury suffered by rescuers after an incident (White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police12). Since the damage we are concerned with is psychiatric, the harm may not just extend to the victims who are immediately affected by a risk of personal injury resulting from the negligent act, but also

Glass Ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Glass Ceiling - Essay Example ual binary is a persistent feature of the workplace today and the glass ceiling is an implicit manifestation of the impediments that women face in the labor force. According to Paige Churchman, renowned feminist theorist Gay Bryan coined the term glass ceiling many decades ago to describe the invisible barriers to professional advancement that women face in the labor force. Although women have entered the paid labor force in record numbers, attainting leadership roles in a corporate environment remains a challenge and invisible barriers impeded their development. While women hope to lead by example and advance professionally, the challenges that they face today are less overt than they once were but remain important impediments to their full professional advancement (Churchman, 2009). According to Women at Work, Leadership for the Next Century, the glass ceiling is a phenomenon which invisible, artificial barriers to the professional advancement of women remain the greatest impediments to their growth within an organization (Smith, 1999). The glass ceiling is arguably the most important impediment to the professional development of women in the 21st century and it is predicated upon the sexual binary. The glass ceiling is an important challenge for women in the paid labor force because it is implicit and limits their opportunities for professional advancement. While discrimination and sexual harassment are often explicit barriers to the full inclusion of women within the paid labor force, the entry of women into paid labor in record numbers has not resulted in complete equality. According to Nora Frenkel more than 25 years ago, â€Å"women have reached a certain point. I call it the glass ceiling. There isnt enough room for all those women at the top,† (Me yerson & Fletcher, 2000, 127). The glass ceiling, in addition to â€Å"pink collar ghettos†, are important yet often ignored aspects of the challenges women face in the labor force today. These metaphors

Organisational Change In The Sandwich Factory Management Essay

Organisational Change In The Sandwich Factory Management Essay This report will explore the type of leadership styles are used in The Sandwich Factory. Kirsty Flower owns The Sandwich Factory which was established in 2005 by her and her colleagues that worked before hand together in similar industry. All the managers in the organisation consist of women which form the Senior Management Team. Kristys leadership styles integrate with modern leadership theories in many different ways, one theory more than the other in some cases. The modern approaches to leadership this report will look in depth are Leader-member Exchange theory, Path-goal theory and New leadership. The success or failure of The Sandwich Factory depends on Kirstys manager leadership qualities. Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives (Kumar 2001: 190). To succeed a leader needs have a motivated team which can only be achieved by the leader taking control as well as listening to the followers issues or needs. The modern leadership theories are commonly found in todays society amongst leaders. These theories can be applied in all types of organisations from a small business to multinational cooperations. The approaches are further frequently used rather than the older theories such as The Great Man theory and Trait theories. The modern leadership theories take more into account the motivation of subordinates, how the follower feels and considers the workers important, it is them that lead to the success of the company. Introduction to the Path-goal Theory approach There are umpteen types of modern approaches to leadership, path-goal theory, leader member exchange theory and new leadership transformational/transactional leadership. Subordinates have a lot more power in the modern approaches as compared to the older leadership theories. Kirstys leadership may be seen as reflective of modern leadership theories and approaches as the evidence will show how the styles incorporate with the case study. Kirsty has several leadership styles; Path-goal theory is one of the approaches which are used in The Sandwich Factory by Kirsty, the owner. An examples of this style is I have a vision and I try to make it clear to staff that we are in this together, all going the same way towards one goal (Case Study: Week 5). Kirsty is letting all the followers know by this statement that there is a path and a target and everyone is in it together as a team. The role of the leader is to steer workers towards achieving the end goal. Leadership also motivates when it makes the path to the goal clear and easy to travel through coaching and directions, when it removes obstacles and roadblocks to attaining the goal, and when it makes the work itself more personally satisfying (Northouse 2007: 128). There are many advantages to the Path-goal approach, Kirsty and the followers have mutual respect; it is easier to communicate with subordinates when there is a flatter system and fewer channels to get through, the leaders style is informative, encourages and supports the employees, and shows guidance in achieving goals. The theory works around context and the work setting rather than leaders style which occurs in the contingency theory. The underlying assumption of path-goal theory is derived from expectancy theory, which suggests that subordinates will be motivated if they think they are capable of performing their work, if they believe their efforts will result in a certain outcome, and if they believe that the payoffs for doing their work are worthwhile (Northouse 2007: 127). The responsibility of the leader is to help employees achieve their target, making sure that the path to the end goal is understandable and simple; from this workers will become confident and be motivated fo r future tasks. Subordinates will find the work easy as the goals will be broken down and explained well by superiors. There are also flaws to the Path-goal approach; the theory assumes the leader knows everything and has the qualities to give a clear path to followers to reach their goal. It also presumes that subordinates will be motivated by the perception of the possibility of achieving a goal and the leader is expected to have a positive impact on the followers and motivate them regardless of the situation. Introduction to the Leader-Member Exchange Theory approach. The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory is another approach which applies to the case study; it is the only theory that deals with in and out groups. All the employees seem to be in the in group; luckily The Sandwich Factory has no visible out group. The in group has dyadic relationship with the leader where as the out group has more of a formal relationship with leader and are not felt a part of the tasks that are performed. These groups are created by the leader, if the followers agree to negotiate with the leader then they will become a part of in the group and will be further more involved with current and perhaps future projects depending if the individual can keep the leader satisfied with the standard of performances. The job of the leader in the LMX theory is to ensure that followers feel important and unique member of the team. The LMX theory develops into two stages; firstly the leaders initial impressions of the worker such as their personal and demographic characteristics. Secondly the output that is produced by the employee, the leader will judge if the tasks completed are to standards expected, on this basis the worker shall either enjoy high quality leader-member exchange or they shall be placed in the out group by the leader, where treatment will not be so pleasant. An example of the LMX theory in the case is when Kirsty mentions workers can add their own input to the business, these type relationships exist when the leader has a strong and stable relationship with employees which is a feature of this approach. I also have to trust staff to be fully committed to what we want and I`m open to any ideas on how to make that vision a practical reality (Case Study: Week 5). Kirsty has developed a loyal individual relationship with all team members which in effect will create a greater output as the Senior Management Team will be motivated by Kirstys influence. One of the undeveloped parts of the theory is a follower from the in group is perceived to be good at all task just because the subordinate is good at one task For instance, a members less than satisfactory job performance is tolerated because of the loyalty he has shown to the leader (Othman, Ee and Shi 2009: 340). This implies that the leader may misunderstand the worker and misclassify their performance. This is a defect of the LMX approach which is major compared to other theories as it affects the quality of work. There can be constant change within the groups, people maybe be dropped or may start involving themselves with in the in group depending on circumstances. Introduction to the New Leadership Theory approach Transformational leadership came into focus in the early 1980s. This theory gives attention to charismatic and effective aspects of leadership; it changes and transforms subordinates as the name implies. It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics standards, and long-term goals and includes assessing followers motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings (Northouse 2007: 175). Kirstys leadership style can be seen as transformational as she is interested in on focusing on helping every member of the group succeed. Kirsty says I try to be hand on hand to clarify any issues the staff have (Case Study: Week 5). One of the components of the transformational theory is Idealised influence (charisma). This method the leader shows clear set of values that need to be followed and acts as role model to the workers. This charismatic dimension of transformational leadership is characterised by providing a vision and a sense of mission, instilling pride among the group, and gaining respect and trust (Humphreys, Einstein 2003: 86). The leader is seen as a hero by employees. Kirsty is getting more out of her staff since they seem to be in high spirit at work. An example of this approach being applied in the case study is the staff seem to be happy and enjoying the devolution of authority and responsibility I`ve been able to give (Case Study: Week 5). This can be seen as individual consideration to members of the team that Kirsty feels can be developed to accomplish more. The flaw of the approach is it tries to involve too many factors which can create confusion and uncertainty to the follower and the leader if it were too be practiced upon. Transformational theory is unlike other theories it does not take into consideration how the leader should act to particular situations to be successful. Transactional behaviour is a part of the modern theory approaches, which comes under the New leadership approach. It works by motivating subordinates and rewarding or punishing them depending on how well they perform with the tasks. In this approach the leader has hold over the followers and expects the workers to perform to high standards. Kirsty does not hold this type of style; her leadership approach is more towards the Transformational theory which is more lenient and considerate towards the follower. The strengths and weaknesses of Kristys leadership Path-goal theory approach. There are many strong points and weakness of Kirstys leadership in The Sandwich Factory. The first approach that will be critically analysed is the Path-goal theory. This style is concerned with how leadership behaviour can influence the satisfaction and performance of a follower in an organisational setting. The Path-goal approach is about diminishing obstructions to reach goals then rewarding the employees for task achievements. In essence, the path goal theory attempts to explain the impact that leader behaviour has on subordinate motivation, satisfaction and performance (Jain 2005: 328) One of the strengths of the Path-goal approach is that it deals with a combination of factors. There are a few types of leadership styles in the path goal theory, the approach suggest that these behaviours should be used in different circumstances to motivate subordinates. Supportive Leadership the leader attempts to solve any concerns of the subordinate, so if the follower is unsatisfied the leader will show genuine support to help resolve the issue facing the person. The supportive leader likes a friendly environment and gives strong attention to the needs and wellbeing of his or her subordinates (Silverthorne 2001: 151). This type of approach is best used when jobs are boring or stressful e.g. car manufacturing factory. Achievement Orientated Leadership The leader has set high expectation for followers at this style, challenging the employee to his/her fullest, hoping the subordinate will excel in their field, showing confidence that they will achieve goals set and perform well. People who perform a variety of tasks may find their jobs more satisfying and have less need for social support (Marriner-Tomey 2004: 174). An example of this approach being applied in the case study is the staff seem to be happy and enjoying the devolution of authority and responsibility I`ve been able to give (Case Study: Week 5). This shows that subordinates are content and willing to take on extra tasks. The disadvantages of the Path-goal theory are it is too broad and tries to involve all aspects (directive, supportive, participative and achievement orientated leadership), and incorporate all these together which makes it difficult to actually practice upon the theory fully. It also does not explain how these four types of approaches will affect the employees work. This leaves the practitioner with insufficient proof how this theory will work in reality and how it can be applied to an organisation. . The strengths and weaknesses of Kristys leadership Leader-Member Exchange approach. As discussed earlier in the report the LMX theory relates to the case, Kirsty and her friends that previously worked for Mr Bakes all moved across to start a new company called The Sandwich Factory which consisted of Kirsty and several other colleagues as having share in the business. The friends are noticeably in the in group, which is considered a strength, where Kirsty has a strong relationship with these subordinates, who have been given a managers role Kirsty`s colleagues now hold senior positions on the Senior Management Team (SMT) (Human Resources, Finance and Production) (Case Study: Week 5). Kirsty and the followers have mutual respect and trust towards one another which are strengths of the LMX theory. The theory emphasises the importance of recognising the existence of in and out groups within the work place. LMX theory is the only leadership theory that makes the concept of a relationship between leader and follower the centrepiece of the leadership process. Leaders in high quality LMX relationships rely heavily on followers to act in their stead (Dunegan et al., 1992) and encourage them to undertake more responsible activities (Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995) (Kang, Stewart 2007: 534). In the interview Kirsty answered saying we all got on well with our previous employer (Case Study: Week 5), this implies that the relationship must of been healthy with Mr Bakes organisation. The in group has been carried forward to Kirstys company The Sandwich Factory, one of the strengths of this approach. It can be argued there are limitations to the LMX theory, the out group are deprived of attention from the leader in the context of work groups, it is possible that such a situation can be divisive and undermine group performance (Othman, Ee and Shi 2009: 340). This type of behaviour is can be seen as destructive leadership as it upsets employees even though partially some of them may be content with their job and boss. The out groups morale will be extremely lower compared to the in group who will be enjoying a healthy relationship with the leader. Staff in the out group will not be so committed and motivated to do well in their jobs. The Sandwich Factory does not have an out group just yet this may be because the company is relatively new and Kirsty leadership style will not allow it for these types of circumstances to occur as they will have negative repercussions. First impression of this theory will not be great to leaders and practitioners as it displays unfairness and favouritism towards the out group as leaders are only concerned with performance. The strengths and weaknesses of Kristys leadership New Leadership approach. Kirsty has transformational leadership qualities, which is another modern leadership approach, this also known as New Leadership which in addition has Transactional Leadership. She takes control of situations by conveying a clear vision of The Sandwich Factorys goals and objectives; she has a passion for the work and the ability to make the followers feel re-energized. This type of leadership consists having a shared vision and unity within the team. One of the strengths of transformational leadership is to give clear direction and involve others in developing the vision. This statement given by Kirsty in the Young Entrepreneur (London) Monthly relates to this theory The original idea to start up the company was mine, but I needed people to come with me to make my vision work for the betterment of all involved in the company (Case Study: Week 5). The transformational theory has become popular over time as it allows the leader to get the most out of the follower when executed in a considerate but professional manner. Bass (1990) suggests that by applying the behavioural characteristics of transformational leadership, leaders can guide their followers toward performance beyond expectations (Humphreys and Einstein 2003: 85). The disadvantage of the transformational approach it depends on highly skilled and developed employees to be triumphant in tasks assigned to them. Another criticism about the theory is the approach presumes followers want change. This theory also believes that leaders are people that can transform others around them. Then this brings up the question, how sure are the followers that the leader is making the right decision? The Transactional theory is about the leader having full control and authority over subordinates. The leader makes it clear what is required from the follower. A form of transactional approach in the case is when Kirsty says I found myself papering over some cracks that appeared in the early days when we had to get things done fast (Case Study: Week 5). Transactional leader works or a reward or punishment basis to motivate followers, if the employee reaches targets within a low budget then they will be given an incentive and if the worker fails the task or is not complete on time the worker will be punished or the leader will begin to make the follower feel uncomfortable. The limitation of the transactional approach is that its primary focus is on rewards and punishments. Rather than the growth and needs of employees which the transformational theory concentrates on along with other styles, maintaining a balance of what is important. Conclusion All three modern leadership theories and approaches have been identified in this report and how they have impacted subordinates as well as the leader. The path-goal theory motivates workers to make them feel that they can do the work and Kirsty uses this style to encourage subordinates that they can fulfil tasks. Transformational theory has the same type of idea but it seems less complex to use and apply in The Sandwich Factory. The LMX approach is not widely used or applied but there are hints of the theory with in the case, mostly regarding the in groups that have been created in the company by Kirsty. The entire the way through the case study Kirsty keeps referring to we as the organisation went through all different stages together e.g. we created a market, we had to get things done faster and so on. This is clear evidence that Kirsty does not just see herself running The Sandwich Factory but strategically as team, which shows great leadership to progress forward. Evidentially these modern leadership theories have been used by Kirsty and have worked well. The analysis has revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the modern leadership approaches related to The Sandwich Factory.

The Panama Canal Essay -- History Historical Essays

The Panama Canal In 1902, Theodore Roosevelt had a dream of a dominant America in both major oceans, connected by an American canal. With his inspiration, construction began on what has been called the largest project of any kind ever undertaken. Now that it is complete, the Panama Canal makes the world a much smaller place for ocean-going vessels of all sizes. Ideas for a canal across Panama have been in the works ever since the time the isthmus was discovered. In 1513, Vasco Nuà ±ez de Balboa crossed the 50-mile wide land bridge and claimed the water on the other side in the name of Spain. Shortly after, in 1534, a team was sent to survey possible canal routes that would follow the Chagres River, but it was deemed to be impossible to build at the time. There were no other notable instances of interest in a canal until 1848, when the California Gold Rush swept the United States. The Panama railroad was completed in 1851, and transported millions of dollars worth of gold and other riches from one sea to the next. In 1952, future president Ulysses S. Grant led the American Fourth Infantry across the isthmus and 150 of his men died of cholera in the jungle, inspiring him to commission surveys in Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama during his presidency in 1969. The survey teams, which were supervised by the Secretary of the Navy, decided that a route through Nicaragua would be the best for a transcontinental canal (www.pancanal.com). Three decades later, President McKinley’s U.S. Isthmian Canal Commission would also favor the Nicaraguan route, but for reasons which will be discussed later, the Panamanian route was ultimately chosen. The only physical attribute of Panama t... ... On December 31, 1999 the Panama Canal was handed over to the Republic of Panama, ending United States influence there for almost a century. As it always has been, the canal is to remain neutral, safe, and open to vessels from all nations for as long as it is in operation. Although the circumstances by which the construction of the canal came about were less than diplomatic, the final state of the passageway represents a free and equal ideology for mankind. Bibliography LaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal. Oxford University Press: New York, 1978. A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama. A WGBH Production In Association With The British Broadcasting Corporation. WGBH Foundation: Boston, 1999. The Panama Canal. http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/index.html. Panama Canal Authority: 2001. CanalMuseum.com. http://www.canalmuseum.com. Ared Networks: 2002.

Importance of “patriotism” during war Essay

Wilfred Owen in his poem â€Å"Asleep† and Andrew Hudgins in his poem â€Å"Listen? The Flies† have analyzed the concepts of death, war and violence. Even though both poets experienced the military actions themselves, they did not describe the life of soldiers and the philosophy of war from the patriotic point of view. On the contrary, in their poems Owen and Hudgins illustrated the most horrible scenes of war that emphasize that war can never be justified because it destroys human life and brings physical and moral sufferings. Both poets portray death as the only way out for soldiers, express compassion towards soldiers as the greatest victims of war and describe low importance of human life as the result of military actions in order to disprove the idea of patriotism that plays upon the mind of soldiers and exploits them for the mercenary interests of their governors. First, Andrew Hudgins and Wilfred Owen justify death to some extent because it rescues soldiers from anger of war and occurs as the natural process unlike war that goes against all moral laws.   When Hudgins talks about war in his poem he describes human life as purity that was shaded by war and turned into putrefaction: â€Å"everything that lives is pitched from purity to putrefaction, back and forth†.   At the same time Wilfred Owen, uses comparison in order to show that death becomes more pleasant than life during war. He compares death to the deep sleep: â€Å"his deeper sleep lies shaded by the shaking of great wings, and the thoughts that hung the stars.† The soldier in the poem has finally got a chance to have some rest after long days of battle. The main characters of both poems are not afraid of death and to some extent they accept it because even death cannot be more frightful than war. Thus, in the poem â€Å"Asleep† Wilfred Owen describes the soldier who does not suffer in his dead sleep because he is â€Å"above these clouds, these rains, these sleets of lead†, above all severe weather conditions, constant attacks and stress from killing and being killed. Moreover, those soldiers who are still alive envy the dead soldier that does not have to wake up in the morning and see the horrors of war again. Similar to Wilfred Owen, Andrew Hudgins refers to Bible to justify death. He uses allusion and gives quotes from the Bible to show that death is more natural for a soldier than war: â€Å"from ash to ash, it says, from dust to dust, with fire and dirty water in between†. Hudgins depicts how soldiers were waiting for death in prison camps praising the flies. The flies are symbols of death that is always near. In the last part of the poem the author killed a fly that got in his room but he knows that there will be more flies in the future. The main character of the poem does not see any point in struggling for life because it’s easier to accept death that is unavoidable during war.   Thus, according to both authors, the horrors of war lead to the condition when death becomes a happy end for a soldier because it sets him free from all the hardships that he has to go through during war and it can be explained by laws of nature. Second, the authors stress the cruelty of military actions by describing the dead soldiers as the greatest victims of war and showing their compassion for them. The length and the concentration of events in both poems are the brightest indication of the authors’ ability to awaken in the mind of readers the same kind of sympathy that both poets have for their characters. The length of the both poems does not let the reader to remain indifferent to the events which take place and arouses the feelings of grief, horror and deep sorrow in the reader’s mind. Thus, the poem of Wilfred Owen is short that enables us to read it at one sitting at the highest degree of excitement. The phrases in the poem â€Å"Asleep† are abrupt that turns the reading into the process when there is a minute to think and move to the next line. The poem by Andrew Hudgins is longer; however, most of the sentences are short and it provokes the reader to pay attention to every detail and not to leave anything without attention. All events which occur in the poem â€Å"Asleep† are concentrated in one place during certain time interval; at the same time in the poem â€Å"Listen? The Flies† the author tells about events which happened in different places during different periods of time. The concentration of time and place in the poem by Wilfred Owen is used because the author wants stay-at-home citizens to be carried to the battle field for a moment, experience what the soldiers experience every day and see the â€Å"backstage† and the reality of war. Lack of focus on time and place in the poem by Andrew Hudgins makes the reader see the war from the different standpoints and contemplate more about the meaning of life. Thus, at the beginning Hudgins describes how he noticed the body of the dead soldier, and then he points out that death took away many people in prison camps, after that he explains death using quotes from Bible and at the end he goes back to the symbolic scene with the flies. Third, both authors illustrate that military victory and destruction of enemies during war have higher importance than life of a person. The soldiers in both poems are described as some human bodies without soul rather than as human beings. In the poem â€Å"Asleep† no one notices the dead soldier; his head â€Å"confuses more and more with the low mould† and his hair becomes of the same color â€Å"with the grey grass of finished fields†.   It seems like the soldier is the machine that is out of order. Andrew Hudgins describes with certain irony the scene when the soldiers â€Å"walked the marsh† and sang the patriotic song; however, their friend was dead. The author portrays how someone’s death can be neglected because patriotic idea supported by political and economic interests plays more important role.   The dead soldiers are heroes because they were killed for their country. However, the question remains whether the interests that they defend are the interests of people or the interests of politicians. Both poems lead us to the conclusion that the consequences of patriotism are death and emotional breakdown. The poets used different techniques to emphasize that the glorious idea of military patriotism is based on political ambitions and soldiers are only instruments. The romantic beliefs about nobility of military actions made both characters of the poems the victims of war whose life lost its value and death became the answer to sufferings and hardships.

Power in Employee Relation

Power in Employee Relation Introduction Kelly (1998, p. 88) notes that ‘power is perhaps the most widely used concept in the field of industrial relations, yet little research on the subject of power either theoretically or empirically has been done, â€Å"†¦.to the extent that it now represents a major theoretical lacuna (gap) within the discipline (Kirkbride 1985, p. 44).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rose (2004, p. 6) defines power as â€Å"†¦ the extent to which one party to a relationship can compel the other to do something he otherwise would not do voluntarily†. Employment relationships, according to Rose (2004, p. 8) it refers to â€Å"†¦the study of the regulation of the employment relationship between employer and employee, both collectively and individually, and the determination of substantive and procedural issues at organizational and work place levels.† The paper critically examines the importance and implications of power in employment relationships, its comparison to policy and the inherent conflicts. Literature Review The players in employee relations theory include employers and managers, employer representatives, employees and workers, employee representatives, the state, its agencies and other supra -national bodies. Faber Dunlop (1958, p. 28) pioneered the systems approach’. He defines it as a sub system within the industrial society. â€Å"†¦an analytical subsystem of society†. By this definition, power becomes a consequence of distribution of power in a bigger society. Kirkbride (1985, p. 47) criticizes this definition on three grounds: it ignores any critical investigation into the processes of power within industrial relations. The systems approach rejects the importance of behavioral processes in favor of structural processes (102). Furthermore, the systems approach creates a po ssibility of conflict within the industrial relations because it does not recognize opposition (Poole 1981, p. 75).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unitary theory assumes that there is no possibility of opposition because the organization body is viewed as one integrated family, bound together by the values of the organization. Power as a concept is neglected by the unitary approach (Kirkbride 1985, p. 46). Action theory gives recognition to the theory of power in industrial relations â€Å"†¦it focuses on the relative power of the parties in the exchange relationship† Kirkbride (1985, p. 45). Though it lacks a definite form, two branches of analysis are clear, analysis of decision making of the various players in the industrial relations framework and of the interaction between the players. However, it fails to elaborate how an agreement is reached dur ing the bargaining process. It has restricted focus on the negotiating table. The major strong point of the action theory is that it focuses on behavioral theory. Because of the inherent weakness on the negotiation table, it does neglect the possibility of conflict within the different organizations in the industrial relations frame work (Clarke 1977b, p. 109). Pluralist theory assumes distinct sectional groups within an organization, each with competing interests. Through joint regulation or collective bargaining, Flanders (1970, p. 19) argues that the diverse and competing interests can be regulated. Hyman (1975, p. 69), argues that pluralist focus on regulation conceals the firmness of power in the process of industrial relations. He asserts that employment relationship â€Å"†¦can never be frozen in a single rule.† However, it is rather dynamic and changing. The Marxist Perspective emphasizes the issue of power (Glaser Strauss 1967, p. 71). According to the Marxist, since the capital owners own the means of production, they have more wealth and therefore have advantage over the suppliers of labor. When there is a larger pool of labor, capital is at an advantage because the labor supply exceeds its demand, the labor price is low. Hyman (1975, p. 72) observes, â€Å"It is true that the possession of scarce skills, or the existence of a tight labor market may help lessen the imbalance. Hyman (1975, p. 75) observes â€Å"for a while the powers of the employer are enormous he is at the same time dependent on his labor force.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Power in Employee Relation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital may be dependent upon labour in a number of ways; the Marxist position points that the relationship between capital and labor may continuously fluctuate. The Marxist perspective offers a useful perspective into the analysis of power and employee relation s. However, his view of power as a zero-sum game phenomenon and failure to develop power at micro level attract criticism (Kirkbride 1985, p. 47). Discussion Employment relations is the contemporary term for industrial relations, the theoretical perspectives and the way their points of view can has been discussed in the literature reviews. Modern management approaches today strike a balance between unitary and pluralism. The approach chosen depends on the employee relations climate. When trade union power is low, management makes the decision, when union power is high, then negotiation and consultation are adopted (Purcell Sisson 1983, p. 210). The bargaining power of the unions can be estimated based on membership density, strike frequency statistics, bargaining outcomes, structural factors and leadership. The 21 century has witnessed a decline in both union strength and influence due to the shift from manufacturing to services in the developed world. The smaller workspace in the service sector has hindered union organization and recruitment. Even though, employees still have a voice- â€Å"a whole variety of processes and structures which enable and at a times empower, employees, directly and indirectly to contribute to decision making in the firm† (Boxall Purcell 2003, p. 162). The employees can air their voice formally and informally, directly or through representation, collectively or individually depending on the intention. Some forms of employee voices are bottom-up arising from a desire among the employees to be listened to. In most cases however, management often initiates the modalities for employee voice either out of pressure from employees or as a strategy to be more inclusive. Dundon Rollinson (2007, p. 121) call the difference between how much influence employees report have over management decisions and how much influence they would like to have, the â€Å"representative gap†.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wilkinson et al. (2004, p. 306) acknowledged four categories of employee involvement and participation that give employees varying levels of power in their work places; downward communication, upward problem solving, representative participation, and financial participation. Downward communication is a top- down strategy communication from management to employees, for example, through newsletters, notice boards among others. It does not give the employees much power. Upward problem solving empowers the employees to improve work processes. They suggest solutions to specific problems and this gives them great possession over decisions. Under representative participation, the employees interest are represented by their leaders (elected workers representatives) (McBride 2004, p. 82). It provides employees with some degree of influence over a number of issues such as work councils and advisory councils. Trade union representation often has a greater power over decisions because failure t o respect employees views can result in industrial action. Collective bargaining, refer to joint regulation of specific aspects of the employment relationship between employers and recognized trade union representatives (Faber Dunlop 1958, p. 56). Workers capitalize on their solidarity that gives them a stronger bargaining position against management. They focus on substantive issues like payment and conditions of work. Finally, according to Marchington et al. (1992, p. 63), financial participation, allows the employees to have financial share in the firm. Strauss (2006) asserts that financial participation compliments voice initiatives. It seeks to develop long term relationships between the employees and their employer by linking the overall firms success with an individual reward. They include employee share ownership, sharing of profits and payment of bonuses. In conclusion, it is clear that the concept of power in employee relation has evolved over time. List of References Cla rke, J., 1977b. Workers in the Tyneside Shipyards in McCord, N. (Ed) (1977) Essays in Tyneside Labour. History. Newcastle: Department of Humanities. Dundon, T., and Rollinson D. 2007. Understanding Employment Relations. McGraw Hill: Maidenhead. Faber, F., and Dunlop J., 1958. Industrial Relations Systems. New York: Holt. Flanders, A 1970, Management and Unions: The Theory and Reform of Industrial Relations. Glaser, B., and Strauss A. 1967. The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine. Hyman, R. 1975. Industrial relations: A Marxist introduction. London: Macmillan. Kelly, J., 1998. Rethinking Industrial Relations: Mobilization, Collectivism and Long Waves. London: Routledge. Kirkbride, P. 1985. Power in industrial relations research. Industrial Relations Journal, vol.16, pp. 44-56. McBride, J. 2004. Renewal or resilience? the persistence of shop steward organization in the Tyneside maritime construction industry. London: Capital Class. Poole, M., 1981. Theories of Trade Unionis m: A Sociology of Industrial Relations. Routledge Kegan Paul. Rose, E. 1994. The Disorganized Paradigm British Industrial Relations in the 1990s. Employee Relations, vol. 16, no.1, pp. 27-40. Wilkinson, A et al. 2004. Changing patterns of employee voice: Case studies from the UK and Republic of Ireland. The Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.46 no.3 pp. 298–322.

Case Study on New India Assurance Essay Example

Case Study on New India Assurance Essay Example Case Study on New India Assurance Essay Case Study on New India Assurance Essay Assurance industry has always been a growth-oriented industry globally. On the Indian scene too, the assurance industry has always recorded noticeable growth vis-a-vis other Indian industries. The new India assurance Co. Ltd. was the first general assurance company to be established in India in 1850, which was a wholly British-owned company. The new India assurance company to be set up by an Indian was Indian Mercantile assurance Co. Ltd. , which was established in1907. There emerged many a assurance player on the Indian scene thereafter.The general assurance business was nationalized after the promulgation of General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972. The post-nationalization general assurance business was undertaken by the assurance Corporation of India (GIC) and its 3 subsidiaries: 1. New India Assurance Company Limited 2. National Insurance Company Limited 3. United India Insurance Company Limited Towards the end of 2000, the relation ceased to exist and the four companies are, at present, operating as independent companies. The Life assurance Corporation (AIC) was established on 01. 09. 956 and had been the sole corporation to write the life assurance business in India. The Indian assurance industry saw a new sun when the assurance Development Authority invited the applications for registration as assurors in August, 2000. With the liberalization and opening up of the sector to private players, the industry has presented promising prospects for the coming future. The transition has also resulted into introduction of ample opportunities for the professionals including Chartered Accountants. The Indian assurance industry is featured by the attributes:Low market penetration; ? Ever-growing middle class component in population Growth of consumer ? Movement with an increasing demand for better assurance products; ? Inadequate application of information technology for business. Adequate ?Fillip from the Government in the form of tax incentives to the assured, etc The industry formations need to keep vigil on these characteristics of the Indian market and formulate their strategies to entail maximum contribution to the output of the sector. The Indian life and non-life assurance business accounted for merely0. 2 percent of the worlds life and non-life business in 1997. The figures of the basic parameters of the industrys performance viz. assurance Density and assurance Penetration also are evident of the hitherto existing low-yield Indian market conditions. The term assurance Penetration broadly measures the contribution of the assurance industry in relation to a nations entire economic productivity. The figure of premium vis-a-vis the GDP of 1999 stood at 0. 54 percent for non-life assurance business and 1. 39 percent for the life assurance business.The term assurance Density reflects the assurance purchasing power. The premium per capita in India amounted to US $ 2. 40 for assurance and US $ 6. 10 for life assurance in 1999 but with the deregulation of the sector, a sea change in the scene is most likely. The assurance sector in India has come a full circle from being an open competitive market to Nationalization and back to a liberalized market again. Tracing the developments in the Indian assurance sector reveals the360- degree turn witnessed over a period of almost two centuries. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSURANCE INDUSTRYThe structure of the assurance industry comprises of the Operating department, Administrative department and the finance department. The Operating Department generally performs the basic functions pertaining to the designing of products, marketing thereof, servicing the insured, the insured, management of portfolio, etc. The Administrative Department looks after the day-to-day affairs of the company. The Finance Department backs the operations and administration of the company by accounting for the transactions, streamlining the flow of funds, materializing the management decisions, etc.The Administration Department as well as the Finance Department, usually, functions through in-house setup. The Finance Department functions in the areas of accounting, financial and management reporting, budgeting and controlling, etc. and thus renders enormous scope for finance professionals. The new entrants in the assurance sector are likely to call for the services of the Chartered Accountants for their financial setup requirements. The Chartered Accountants have engaged themselves in the audit of assurance Companies since long.With the transition in the insurance sector, the horizons for their contribution have broadened. Contributions have broadened. There has, emerged a king-size pool of opportunities that the Chartered Accountants can explore and apply their professional wisdom and experience to. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE ASSURANCE INDUSTRY 1. Risk Perception and Evaluation: The fundamental function of an insurer is to provide a cover against the detriment caused to the insured due to the happening of certain specified and agreed events.Thus, prior to providing such umbrella through a product, the insurer has to assess the risk involved in the transaction. The insurer has to identify the element of risk prevalent in the concerned industry or a particular unit. The perception of risk requires the study of variables through various methods including the application of scientific and statistical techniques and correlation thereof with the industry or unit under study in light of their basic environmental and infra-structural characteristics. 2. Designing the Insurance Product:On the basis of the risks perceived, the insurer develops a product to cover the stipulated risks. While designing an insurance product, an insurer decides its cost to be charged from the insured in the form of premium, reduction thereof in certain cases like not lodging any claim during the previous covered period(s), suggesting the implementation of risk-mitigating measures, etc. 3. Marketing of the Product: The core function of the marketing force of an insurance company is to generate awareness about the insurance products among the target market.But in the Indian scenario, where the insurance penetration is too low as compared to the other nations, the marketing force needs to perform the pro-active role in developing an insurance culture. It is through the efficiency of the sales force of an insurance company that the desirability and the success of a product are determined. Adequate knowledge of the insurance industry, products and the modalities attached therewith. Further, the marketing personnel should be adequately backed by the back-office setup. 4. Selling of the Products:The term selling in the context of Assurance industry connotes the issuance of policies to the applicant proposer. The Assurance basically embodies the covenant between the insurer and the insured wherein the former agrees to indemnify the latter for the loss caused to him on the happening of the certain agreed events up to a specified limit. The life insurance policy generally contains the agreement whereby the insurer agrees to pay to the insured or the beneficiary of the policy an agreed amount on the expiry of the term of the policy or in the event of the death of the insured respectively.The additional benefits in the shape of Riders viz. Accidental Death Benefit, Double Sum Assured, Critical Illness benefits; Waiver of Premiums, etc. can also be appended with the policy on the payment of an additional premium. 5. Management of Portfolio: The management of the portfolio includes the assessment of requirement of funds, identification of various sources of finance, the evaluation of the sources in the light of their cost, availability, timing, etc. , reconciling the features of various sources with the needs of the company and the selection of appropriate conjunction of sources.The insurer possesses huge amount of funds, which need proper management. The management of the portfolio of an insurance company requires the identification of investment avenues, evaluation thereof and the selection of the most appropriate mix of alternatives where the funds of the company can be invested. The selection requires the knowledge of finance related functions and techniques apart from the in-depth know of the patterns of requirement of funds in the company as well as in the industry as a whole. ABOUT US New India is a leading global insurance group, with offices and branches hroughout India and various countries abroad. The company services the Indian subcontinent with a network of 1068 offices, comprising26 Regional offices, 393 Divisional offices and 648 branches. With approximately 21000 employees, New India has the largest number of specialist and technically qualified personnel at all levels of management, who are empowered to underwrite and settle claims of high magnitude. New India has been rated A- (Excellent) by A. M. Best Co. , making it the only Indian insurance company to have been rated by an international rating agency. Rating based on following factors: Superior Capital Position ? Strong Operating Performance ? Only company to develop significant International operations, Long record of successful trading outside India. PROFILE ? History ? Present Position ? International Presence ? Our Strengths ? Pioneers ? Citizens Charter History Incorporated on July 23rd, 1919 Founded by the House of Tata Founder member Sir Dorab Tata. Nationalized in 1973 with merger of Indian companies. Present Position Gross Premium (in India) of Rs. 5017. 20 crores in the year 2006-2007, as against Rs. 4791. 49crores in the year 2005-2006. Assets Rs. 27444. 57croresas on 31st March 2007.Network of Offices-26 Regional Offices, 393Divisional Offices, 614 Branches and 34 Direct Agent Branches. Rank No. 1in the Indian market. Largest Non-Life insurer in Afro-Asia excluding Japan. First Indian non-life company to cross Rs. 5000 crores Gross Premium. Global Re-insurance facilities. Over-seas presence in countries like Japan, U. K, Middle East, Fiji and Australia. International Presence Overseas operations commenced in 1920. Operations in 24 countries in the year 2004-05. Network of 19 Branches, 12 Agencies, 2 Associate companies and 2 Subsidiary companies in the year 2004-05. Overseas Premium of Rs. 92. 35 crores in the year 2004-05, which accounts for more than 80% of total overseas premium in India Our Strengths Largest number of Offices In India and Abroad Trained and technically qualified staff 1068 fully computerized offices across India. A- (Excellent)rating by A. M. Best Co (Europe) First domestic company to be rated by an International Rating Agency Rating based upon following factors: Superior capital position Strong operating performance Strong market position Only company to develop significant International operations, long record of successful trading outside India.Pioneers ? First company to set up an Aviation Insurance Department in 1946. ? First company to handle the Hull Insurance requirements of the Indian Shipping Fleet. ? First company to establish its own Training School. ? First company to introduce the concept of Model Office Training. ? First company to create department in Engineering insurance. ? Pioneer in Satellite insurance. Citizen’s Charter Our Mission ? To develop general insurance business in the best interest of the community. To provide financial security to individuals, trade, commerce and all other segments of the society by offering insurance products and services of high quality at affordable cost Our Values ? Highest priority to customer needs. ? High standards of public conduct. ? Transparency in operations. Our Commitment to the citizens ? We will respond to all commercially viable general insurance requirements of the citizens, including products for weaker sections of the society at affordable price within three months from the date on which such a requirement is received. ? We will ensure issuance of 100% of documents within a period of seven days. We will ensure that prospectus of the various insurance products are provided to the customers and the extent of coverage is explained for his choosing the appropriate product. A written proposal will be obtained from the insured wherever necessary and accordingly the policy will be prepared. ? We will settle all claims within a time schedule envisaged hereunder: A. Personal life insurance claims within 30 days on completion of all requirements. B. Property claims within 30 days on completion of all requirements. C. Liability claims within 30 days on completion of process of law. We will promote customer education in general insurance products/services by holding workshops in various centers. ? We will open a customer service cell in all ROs/DOs in addition to the existing May I Help You counters. ? We will set up proper grievance redressal mechanism in every operating office and will educate the clients about the same including the system of grievance redressal thorough ombudsman. ? On request to the policy issuing office, we will make available to a customer, the status of his claim and/or claim settlement details within seven working days. We will adhere to the IRDA guidelines in protecting the policyholders interest. ? All the above services and commitments will be honored without the citizen having to pay any gratification/bribe. (This Citizens Charter was adopted at the board meeting held on31. 12. 2003) FINANCIAL RATING [pic] For the sixth consecutive year, the Company has been rated as A-(Excellent) by M/s. A. M. Best Europe Ltd. The rating reflects Company’s excellent risk adjusted capitalization, prospective improvement in underwriting performance and its leading business profile in the direct insurance market in India.A partially Off-setting factor is the Company’s reliance on investment income which counter balances underwriting losses. But the outlook is stable. A. M. Best believes the Companys risk adjusted capitalization is excellent and anticipates that it will remain sufficient to absorb the likely growth in the net premium. Further it also expects that there will be a reduction in the combined ratio in the years to come. The Company is likely to maintain its leading business position as the largest direct insurer in India, despite increased competition from private players. PERFORMANCENew India Assurance Company is the largest non-life insurer in India. The financial strength of the Company is reflected from the following figures:- [pic] [pic] WORKFORCE Employee Strength (as on 31. 03. 2010) [pic] PRODUCTS [pic] PERSONAL 1. HOUSEHOLDERS POLICY [pic] [pic] This is a package policy specially designed to meet the insurance requirements of a householder. Highlights This is a package policy specially designed to meet the insurance requirements of a householder by combining under a single policy, a number of our standard policies usually taken by householders.Discount in premium is offered depending upon the number of sections of the policy, opted for, by the proposer. Scope The policy comprises of 10 sections as given here under Section I Fire Allied Perils A Coverage for building B Covers contents of the dwelling belonging to the proposer and his/her family members permanently residing with him/her Allied Perils: a. Fire, Lightening, Explosion of gas in domestic appliances b. Bursting and overflowing of water tanks, apparatus or pipes. c. Damage caused by Aircraft. d. Riot, Strike, Malicious or Terrorist Act e.Earthquake, Fire and/or Shock, subsidence and Landslide (including Rockslide) damage f. Flood, Inundation, Storm, Tempest, Typhoon, Hurricane, Tomado or Cyclone. g. Impact damage Section II Burglary House Breaking including larceny and theft. Covers contents of the dwelling against loss due to burglary, house breaking, larceny or theft. Section III All Risks (Jewellery Valuables) Covers loss or damage to your Jewellery and valuables by accident or misfortune whilst kept, worn or carried anywhere in India subject to the value declared in the schedule.Section IV Plate Glass Loss or damage to fixed plate glass in the insured premises by accidental breakage subject to limit of sum insured Section V Breakdown of Domestic appliances Covers domestic appliances against unforeseen and sudden physical damage due to mechanical or electrical breakdown. Section VI T. V. Set including VCP/VCR (ALL RISKS) Covers loss or damage to T. V. Set including VCP/VCR by fire and allied perils, Burglary, house breaking or theft, breakage due to accidental external means, Mechanical or electrical breakdown.Any legal liability arising out of bodily injury or accidental death of any person other than insureds family members or employee as also damage to property not belonging to or in the custody of insured , caused by use of the T. V. Set is also covered up to a limit of Rs. 25,000/-. How to claim In case of any incident leading to a valid claim under the policy, following steps should be taken: 1. Take necessary steps to minimize the loss/damage. 2. In case of fire, inform fire brigade immediately. 3. In case of theft, larceny or burglary inform the police immediately along with a list of items stolen and their approximate value. . Inform insurance company by phone or fax and in writing. 5. Extend full co-operation to the surveyor appointed by the insurance Co. and provide necessary documents to the substantiate the loss. Acclaim form issued by the company is also to be submitted. 6. .In case any rights of recovery exist against any other party responsible for the loss, your rights of recovery have to be subrogated to the insurance company on payment of claim. [pic] 2. PERSONAL ACCIDENT POLICY [pic] The insurance provides compensation in the event of death or disability directly due to accident. HighlightsThis policy offers compensation in case of death or bodily injury to the insured person, directly and solely as a result of an accident, by external, visible and violent means. The policy operates worldwide and is a 24 hours cover. Different coverage’s are available ranging from a restricted cover of Death only; to a comprehensive cover covering death, permanent disablements and temporary total disablements. Family Package cover is available to Individuals under Personal Accident Policy whereby the proposer, spouse and dependent children can be covered under a single policy with a 10% discount in premium.Scope This policy is basically designed to offer some sort of compensation to the insured person who suffers bodily injury solely as a result of an accident which is external, violent and visible. Hence death or injury due to any illness or disease is not covered by the policy. The following types of coverage’s are offered under a Personal Accident policy:- Table D 1. Death cover wherein 100% of the capital sum insured is payable. Table C 1. Coverage under Table D 2. Loss of two limbs / both eyes / one limb and one eye wherein 100% of the capital sum insured is payable. 3.Loss of one limb or one eye wherein 50% of the capital sum insured is payable. 4. Permanent Total Disablement other than above e. g. paralysis due to an accident, wherein 100% of the capital sum insured is payable. Table B 1. Coverage under Table C 2. Permanent Partial Disablement i. e. where a part of the body becomes permanently disabled due to an accident, e. g. total and irrevocable loss of use of a finger due to an accident. In such cases, a percentage of the capital sum insured as specified in the policy is paid. Table A 1. Coverage under Table B 2. Temporary Total Disablement i. e. here the insured person becomes temporarily disabled from undertaking any work as a result of an accident for e. g. fracture of legs. In such cases, a weekly payment of 1% of the capital sum insured subject to a maximum limit, is paid for the number of weeks or part thereof (maximum 100 weeks), during which the insured person is totally disabled. The insured can claim only under any one of these sections as a result of anyone accident. The policy also covers expenses incurred for carriage of dead body from place of accident to the residence subject to a limit of 2% of the capital sum insured or Rs. 2, 500 whichever is less.Under an Individual Personal Accident policy or Family Package Policy, an education fund is payable for a maximum of 2 dependent school going children, in case of death or permanent total disablement of the insured person. We issue several types of personal accident policies such as :- ? Individual Personal Accident policy. ? Group Personal Accident policy. ? Passenger Flight Coupon Covering personal accident risk whilst traveling as a passenger on a scheduled flight. ? Gramin Personal Accident Policy for persons residing in rural areas where benefits as per Table C mentioned above are covered for a capital sum insured of Rs. 0,000/-. ? Janata Personal Accident policy where benefits as per Table C mentioned above are covered for a maximum sum insured of Rs. 1,00,000/-. Long Term Policies can also be issued up to 5yrs. ? Student Safety Insurance for schools and colleges, covering students against Personal Accident benefits as per Table B mentioned abovefor a capital sum insured of Rs. 10,000/-. ? Raj Rajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojna for women in the age group of 10 to 75 years. where benefits as per Table C mentioned above are covered for a capital sum insured for Rs. 25,000/-. In case of death of an unmarried woman due to an accident, Rs. 5,000/- is payable to the nominee or legal heir. In case of a married woman, if the husband dies due to an accident, Rs. 25,000/- is payable to the wife but if the wife or insured dies no compensation is payable. ? Bhagyashree Child Welfare Policy – for girl child in the age group of 0 to 18years. Whose parent’s age does not exceed 60yrs? In case of death of either or both parents due to an accident, a sum of Rs. 25,000/- is deposited in the name of the girl child with a financial institution named in the policy which will disburse amounts as specified for the benefit of the girl child to the living parent or to the nominated guardian.Group policies can also be issued. Add on covers Individual and group personal accident policies can be extended to cover medical expenses incurred in the treatment of an accident covered under the policy, subject to a limit of 10% of the sum insured or 40% of the death /disability compensation claim payable, on payment of additional premium. The policy issued to Indian personnel working in foreign countries on civilian duty can be extended to cover War risk on payment of additional premium. The policy can also be restricted to cover Personal Accident risk during duty hours only or during off-duty hours only with discount in premium.It is also possible to issue group P. A. policy excluding the death benefit subject to a group life policy covering death benefit being taken for the same group of persons for the same policy period. Who can take the policy Any adult residing in India can take the policy covering himself / herself and dependent family members between the ages of 5 and 70yrs. How to claim In the event of an accident giving rise to a claim the following steps should be taken:- In case of death claim:- 1. Assignee under the policy should immediately notify the policy issuing office. 2.Submit the claim form along with death certificate, post mortem report, police report and original policy. In case of injury claim:- 1. Notify the policy issuing office immediately. 2. Submit Police report if any. 3. Submit claim form along with medical certificate certifying the disablement. In case medical expenses extension has been taken, then the prescription along with bills are to be submitted. [pic] 3. MOTOR POLICY [pic] This policy covers all types of vehicles plying on public roads Highlights This policy covers all types of vehicles plying on public roads such as :- Scooters Motorcycle ? Private cars ? All types of commercial vehicles ? Motor Trade (vehicles in show rooms and garages) As per the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 it is mandatory for every owner of a vehicle plying on public roads, to take an insurance policy, to cover the amount, which the owner becomes legally liable to pay as damages to third parties as a result of accidental death, bodily injury or damage to property. A Certificate of Insurance must be carried in the vehicle as a proof of such insurance. Two types of covers are available: 1.Liability only policy. This covers third party liability for bodily injury liability and / or death and property damage. Personal Accident cover for Owner-driver is also included. 2. Package policy. This cover loss or damage to the vehicle insured in addition to (1) above. No- claim discounts are available on renewal of policy, ranging from 20% to50%, depending upon the type of vehicle and the number of years for which no claim has been made. Scope Liability Only policies: The policy covers the vehicle owners legal liability to pay compensation for: 1.Death or bodily injury to a third party person. 2. Damage to third party property. Liability is covered for an unlimited amount in respect of death or injury and damage to third party property for Rs. 7. 5 lacs under Commercial vehicle and private and Rs. 1 lakh for Scooters / Motor Cycles. Package Policy In addition to the coverage under liability only, this policy covers loss or damage to the insured vehicle and its accessories due to: 1. Fire, explosion, self-ignition or lightning. 2. Burglary, housebreaking or theft. 3. Riot and Strike. 4. Malicious Act. . Terrorist Act. 6. Earthquake (Fire and Shock) Damage. 7. Flood, Typhoon, Hurricane, Storm, Tempest, Inundation, Cyclone and Hailstorm. 8. Accidental external means. 9. Whilst in transit by road, inland waterway, lift, elevator or air. 10. by landslide/Rockslide The policy also pays for towing charges from the place of accident to the workshop up to a maximum limit of Rs. 300/- for Scooters/Motorcycles andRs. 1500/- for cars and commercial vehicles. It is also permissible to opt for higher towing charges subject to payment of extra premium.A restricted cover is also available covering the risk of Fire and/or Theft only, in addition to the compulsory cover granted under Liability Only Policy. However the same is not available in case of vehicle ratable under Class D, Tariff for Miscellaneous and special types of vehicles. The important exclusions under the policies are: ? Wear and tear, breakdowns ? Consequential loss ? Loss when driving with invalid driving license or under the influenceof alcohol. ? Loss due to war, civil war, etc. ? Claims arising out of contractual liability. ? Use of vehicle otherwise than in accordance with `limitations as to use (e. . private car being used as a taxi)Rating factors Rating depends upon the following factors: 1. IDV. 2. Cubic capacity 3. Geographical zone 4. Age of the vehicle 5. GVW of in case of commercial vehicles 6. Add on Covers Add on covers The policy can be extended to cover the following risks on payment of additional premium: 1. Loss or damage to accessories fitted in the vehicle such as stereos,fans, air-conditioners etc. 2. Personal accident covers under private car policies for: Passengers Paid driver 3. Legal liability to employees. 4. Legal liability to non-fare paying passengers in commercial vehicles.Who can take the policy? Any vehicle owner whose vehicle is registered in his/her name with the Regional Transport Authority in India. How to claim In the event of an incident giving rise to a claim under the policy, the following steps should be taken: In case of accidental damage to the vehicle: 1. Immediate intimation to the nearest office, which will issue a Claim Form. 2. Claim Form duly filled in to be submitted along with copy of Registration Certificate and driving license of the driver of the vehicle at the time of accident as also estimate of repairs. 3.Vehicle will be surveyed by a Surveyor, appointed by the insurance company, who shall submit his report to the company. In case of a major damage to the vehicle, a spot survey, at the site of accident, would also be arranged by the company. 4. Final bills/cash memos are to be submitted duly signed by the insured. 5. Salvage of the damaged parts may be required to be deposited with the insurance company after approval of the claim. In case of theft of the vehicle: 1. Lodge an F. I. R. with the police immediately. 2. Inform the policy issuing office with a copy of FIR. 3.Submit the Final Police Report as soon as it is received. 4. Extend full cooperation to the surveyor and/or investigator appointed by the company. 5. After approval of the claim by the company, get the Registration Certificate transferred in the name of the company, hand over the keys of the vehicle, submit a letter of Subrogation and Indemnity on stamp paper duly notarized. In case of liability claim: 1. Inform insurance company immediately of any incident likely to give rise to liability claim. 2. On receipt of summons from Court, the same should be sent to the company immediately.Claim Form duly filled in along-with copies of Registration Certificate, Diving License, FIR are to be submitted. [pic] [pic] COMMERCIAL 1. JEWELERS BLOCK POLICY : [pic] This is a package policy specially designed for jewelers diamontaires i. e. those establishments dealing solely in diamonds. Highlights This is a package policy specially designed for jewelers diamontaires i. e. those establishments dealing solely in diamonds. Jewelers premises are categorized into Class I, II or III depending upon the type of security provided for the premises.Discount in premium is available in case the premises have special protection devices like built-in vaults, strong rooms, closed circuit T. V. or armed guards. Scope The policy comprises four sections which are optional except for section I which is compulsory Section I: Covers loss or damage to Jewellery , gold and silver ornaments or plates , pearls, precious stones, cash and currency notes whilst contained in the premises insured, by fire, explosion, lightning, burglary, house breaking, theft, hold up, robbery, riot, strike and malicious damage and terrorism. Section II: Covers loss or damage to Jewellery, gold etc. s described in Section I whilst it is in the custody of the insured, his/her partners, employees, directors, sorters of diamonds or whilst such property (excluding cash and currency notes) is in the custody of brokers, agents, cutters and goldsmiths . Section III: Covers loss or damage to property described in Section I whilst in transit by registered parcel post, air freight or through angadia. Section IV: Covers loss or damage to trade and office furniture and fixtures in insured premises due to fire, explosion, lightning, burglary, house breaking, theft, hold up, robbery, riot, strike and malicious damage and terrorism.Who can take the policy? The policy can be taken by jewelers who are wholesalers or retailers. The policy cannot be given to establishments whose work is predominantly manufacturing like cutters and goldsmiths. The policy also cannot be given to angadias, brokers or pawn brokers etc. How to select the sum insure The sum insured under Section I and II should represent the cost price of the Jewellery items. The sum insured under Section III should represent the maximum loss likely, arising out of any one incident.The sum insured under Section IV should represent the market value of the property How to claim In case of any incident giving rise to a claim under the policy, the following steps should be taken: 1. Inform insurance company within 24 hrs. 2. In case of burglary, theft etc. informs police immediately and obtains FIR Submit claim form and relevant documents to surveyor appointed by Insurance Co. to substantiate loss. Test. 2. BANKERS INDEMNITY POLICY [pic] A package policy designed specially to cover the risks related to banking sector.A single policy covering all branches in India of the particular bank Highlights A package policy designed specially to cover the risks related to banking sector. A single policy covering all branches in India of the particular bank Retroactive period facility available whereby losses discovered during policy period due to an incident occurring in earlier period but after inception of first policy, also become payable, provided the policy has been continuously renewed with us without break. Discount in premium available for banks having less than 500 branchesScope The policy comprises of following 7 sections: A.

Advanced research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced research methods - Essay Example Some individuals are more susceptible to stresses than others. Individuals that are often stressed may have built up some form of a tolerance enabling them to work better under the stress and elevated cortisol than others. Further limitations of this study include the small sample size. In addition the research study does not determine the possible long term effects of individuals administered cortisone and the effects on the memory. Although the research demonstrated that individuals given higher doses (in this situation specifically women) were shown to have a decrease in short term memory the research does not assess the dose given and possible variables that could alter the results. Among these variables are certain psychological conditions such as anxiety, clinical depression, schizophrenia and thyroid problems. All of these psychological conditions can alter the way the individual perceives the stresses associated with high cortisone levels. Researchers also fail to establish i f participants are taking medication. Medication can affect the way cortisol effects the participants. In order to address these limitations in the study I proposed a further research be done in the form of a new study. I hypothesize that cortisol will decrease immediate memory performance but will yield long term memory increases for neutral stimuli. In this study the dependent variables is the cortisol the participant received. The independent variable will be the dosage of cortisol that was administered to the participant dependent upon the group (15mgs, 20mgs, 25mgs, 30mgs). Participants will be measured in 8x2 groups of 20 in two different conditions. One group will view fifty non-emotive pictures. The second group will be read a detailed story. The groups will be further divided into groups of ten through random assignment. When the participant takes the test is dependent upon which group of ten the participant is in. The

When Life Imitates Video by John Leo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

When Life Imitates Video by John Leo - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the article revolves around the possibility of real-life events beings strikingly similar to those portrayed in violent video games. The author, a writer by heart, has done service to the public by indulging in writing different society centered articles and serving practically for the betterment of higher academics for the past few decades. This article could well be ascertained as a continuation of the chain of his service to his fellow beings. Commencing with the mentioning of a Colorado incident in which teenagers indulged in a violent shooting spree that eventually led to the killing of themselves at their own hands, the author is pained at noticing the obvious influence of gaming on youngsters. It is perceived by the writer that the actions of youngsters were influenced by situations in video games. The opening paragraph gives an evident idea of the purpose with which the author has written it. The purpose of the writer, mainly, is to highlight how scenarios portrayed in violent video games are being adapted to real life by the youngsters who are deeply influenced by them. The audience the writer targets are individuals within the general public and also the video games’ manufacturers. The widespread use of video games and the parents’ leverage given to kids to play them with ease gives an idea that parents are unaware of the hazards involved with the games. The author aims to target these oblivious parents as the audience trying to bring them to light about the alarming problem at hand. Quoting logic and reason, the author tries to clearly signify the relationship that exists between violence in video games and real world mishaps. The argument most presumably set forth by video games promoters that there basically is no direct link that could prove the effect of violence in video games on youngsters and their real-life issues have been responded well by the customer. Understanding the opposin g viewpoint’s position, the writer accepts that there may be personal issues involved with the personalities of individuals who show being affected by the violence related mentality but this mainly is, in the words of the writer, the weakest point that should be addressed. According to the writer, the individual youngsters that come from strong-willed and well brought up families are less likely to fall prey to these violence-prone games. It mainly is the distressed and the oppressed youngsters only who find their refuge in the video games where they find all the violence to lure their oppressed and neglected thoughts, a perfect place to let go of their frustrations. The problem, according to the writer, is that millions of youngsters of the current society are indulged in activities that would do nothing but hurt their counterparts and themselves alike, considering this as being no objectionable practice whatsoever. All this is owing to the fact that oppression has been made an everyday affair by the everyday use of violence-laden video games. The author inputs logic into his writing beautifully by mentioning the point of view of Dr. David Grossman of Arkansas State University who is both a psychologist and a retired Army officer. His point of view is of immense importance as he assesses the situation from two distinct aspects, both from a psychologist’s and an army officer’s point of view. He completely seconds the stance of the author adding that enabling kids and youngsters to get indulged into electronic games at such an extensive rate has made it common for them to think of killing someone no matter what the situation. The severity of the matter has been eliminated by the realistic aspects introduced into the games such as those of the armory being just like real-world weapons and also the scenarios being very realistic as well.