The Case of Apple versus the FBI - Free Essay Example

Introduction The case of FBI versus Apple Company arose as a result of the Apple tech firm declining to create new software that will unlock the iPhone of Farook and help the law enforcement agency in investigating the terrorist attack. FBI was investigating the case of Farook who killed many people, but the company refused to give them passcode. The firm wanted to protect its clients data while the FBI argued that encryption would be dangerous as it hides criminal activities. The case was later ruled in favor of the Apple Company, but the FBI later accessed the iPhone using undisclosed means. The legal standoff between Apple and FBI had ended, but the experts articulate the issue is likely to come up again. This is because tech companies like Apple are taking measures to guard their clients photos, important files, business records and messages (Burum and Holmes 9). Guarding of the customers critical information will hinder the investigation. The heated debate took weeks where Apple Company resisted the demand by the FBI to give them information. Authorities came up with their way which enabled them to obtain data from an encrypted iPhone which was used by one of the shooters of Bernardino (Stephan 103). Causes of the Fight A federal judge at the Department of Justice ordered Apple Company to help the FBI by unlocking iPhone which was encrypted used by Syed Farook who killed more than fourteen people in December along with his wife. The government wanted Apple Company to create software that would help in overriding the feature of auto-wipe which kicks in after attempting passcode for iPhone for ten times with wrong numbers (Crowley and Johnstone 624). Activation of the function will lead to rendering all data found on the phone to be unreadable permanently. The Apple software deterred FBI from their attempts at guessing passcode of Farook. The FBI attempted to log into ten times whereby after failed attempts, the contents of the phone self-destructed to discourage rapid attempts (Owsley 4). The company alleged that the program helped in stopping malware or viruses attacks. Authorities demanded the company to create the software to assist them in the investigation. Apple agreed to create the software ordered by the government but argued vehemently that it would be a bad idea for the company to do so. Tim Cook, the CEO of the company, supposed that implementing the software as ordered by the government will set a precedent for government demands both in the US and other parts of the world (Espino 97). The company also said that hackers could steal the software and use it to harm the business. The government kept insisting that they were only asking the company to assist in one case. Many prosecutors disagreed with the government saying that they needed to be also in many other cases that included seizing of iPhones. It was not clear if there were any information which was useful stored on the iPhone but James Comey, the director of the FBI, said they were conducting their investigation deeply because they owed victims of San Bernardino and hence they would not have left any stone unturned (Jacobsen 566). Factors that made the matter turn to be a big deal The case acted as crystallization for that long-simmering conflict and frustrations between authorities for enforcing laws and tech industry. Apple together with other firms in the tech industry have been increasing usage of encryption steadily and other protective measures that will help in protecting clients data, this led to revelation and hacking attacks about how the government collects data (Owsley 2). The officials for enforcing laws including Comey started complaining that data safeguards and encryptions aided people who are dangerous to hide their criminal activities, and also it interfered with the investigation being done by the government authorities. In the case of San Bernardino, Apple Company drew supports from other tech firms who were leading, civil liberties groups, and experts of computer security. They filed briefs in court with an accusation that the government was going too far because it was forcing the firm to create software that will contribute to the threa tening of the security of the companys clients. Top government officials also accused Apple Company of trying to rewrite rules that assisted the government in investigating (Burum and Holmes 9). Decision of the judge and why Apple Company resisted Cook said that he would take the case to the Supreme Court of the US and hence the judge did not have to rule. Sheri Pym, the magistrate, later planned the dispute to be heard but the Department of Justice asked for the delay (Owsley 5). The authorities said that an outside party who was not named had invented software that will help to unlock the phone. FBI needed to have a test on it. The government later reported that it had successfully accessed the files of iPhone and hence it no longer required to be assisted by the Apple Company. Because of the above, the Department of Justice asked the magistrate to withdraw the order that was issued (Crowley and Johnstone 630). Apple Company resisted and fought the order made by the federal court because the firm believed that being forced to write new software will lead to a violation of the rights amended. The company was also of the opinion that breaking into the iPhone might lead to the creation of a way which is permanent that will lead to bypassing of iPhone passwords by spy agencies and other law enforcement officials of other countries (Stephan 103). This became the basis of the reason why the judge ruled in favor of the firm in the case that was heard in February. The judge said that if the iPhone was unlocked, it would be difficult because more straightforward encryption would involve running an operating system which was old (Burum and Holmes 9). The company also resisted overriding the software because there were more than 70 iPhones which were unable to open during that period (Espino 97). Accepting to create new software would have lead to similar requests by both domestic and foreign governments. Apple Company would have been forced to develop and build spyware internally to help the state in investigating crimes which might make the company lose customers (Crowley and Johnstone 626). Apple Company also said that overriding new software would lead to an internal conflict of interest. This is because the company was trusted by its clients to secure their products, but the same company also wants to undermine that security. This made it hard for the company to create new software as demanded by law enforcement agency (Owsley 3). The case mattered because the government believed that if the company cooperate in the situation like this, it would be easier for the authorities to prevent other attacks by terrorists against the US (Stephan 104). On the other hand, the supporters of the firm said that if FBI is given chance of overriding software encrypted by Apple Company, it would be made it easier for the authorities to access it in future when investigating. The executives of the Apple Company said that they defied not because of business choice. They believed that it could have led to an international murkier situation if they had cooperated with the government because, in countries like China, government officials have been demanding great control of security and encryption of technology found in that country. The largest market for Apple is the United States, and China is the second-largest (Owsley 7). Therefore, it would have been hard for the company to accept the encryption in the US and refuse in China as this could have led to affecting the bottom line of the company. Facebook, Microsoft, Amazon, Google, and other technology firms supported apple by filing a barrage of court briefs after judge withdrawing the case in February (Stephan 104). The companies said that FBI was only using the case of San Bernardino to demand to override of the software, but in reality, there were more cases which were pending whereby the authorities required Apple Company to open the software. In this case, management of the company was worried terming the demand by the government as the creation of a permanent back door that would allow other investigators access passcode of the company (Espino 97). Both FBI and Apple Company claimed victory. Authorities of the US held that they achieve their aim of accessing iPhone while on the other hand, Apple Company articulated that it successfully refused to implement court order that would have harmed its customers. In reality, FBI seemed to have lost some credibility because it kept insisting that Apple Company was only who could help them to unlock the phone, but they used another option of opening the phone (Jacobsen 566). The opinion of the court was that Apple Company succeeded in making a case which was strong and applied an essential principle of standing up for its clients. On the other hand, other citizens of the US believed that what the company did what not good because it was vital for it to assist the authorities to enforce laws (Espino 97). Ending of the Matter The case led the end of the dispute over one iPhone, but it might not be the last because other issues might arise between the company and authorities. Other officials of enforcing laws in the US still want to get into other iPhones. FBI could use the same method in investigating other cases because it has not stated description of how they got into San Bernardino iPhone. It is also unknown who gave the solution that was used by the FBI. It is believed that private experts of forensics devised the method or it could be another company that will start selling the same service to other customers investigating the same case in the future (Owsley 8). Apple is interested in the method used by the FBI so that it can decide if there was any vulnerability in the iPhone that needed fixing. FBI refused to tell them because it is believed that Apple together with tech firms will start adopting more security measures of protecting their customers if they get the information from the FBI (Jacobsen 566). The case can lead to more legal confrontations. The Congress of the US has started hearing the issue. Some of the legislators are of the opinion that the court should limit the extent to which government can access tech firms while others other legislators said that it is essential for the tech firms to help the state in the future when dealing with such cases (Crowley and Johnstone 627). Conclusion The Apple Company refused to unlock the iPhone that FBI wanted to use in investigating the shooting of San Bernardino because of security issues. The company said that by doing so will undermine clients security and protection of their data. The law enforcement agencies of the US said that this would help in hiding criminal who was dangerous and hence ordered Apple to unlock the phone. The court later ruled that the company should not unlock the phone. The FBI got assistance from another source where they were able to access the iPhone. Works Cited Burum, Sue, and Georgia Holmes. Apple v. FBI: Privacy vs. Security?. NATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE: 9. Crowley, Michael G., and Michael N. Johnstone. Protecting corporate intellectual property: Legal and technical approaches. Business Horizons? 59.6 (2016): 623-633. Espino, Meredith Mays. A Tale of Two Phones: A Discussion of Law Enforcements Use of the All Writs Act to Enforce Apple to Open Private iPhones. Rutgers Computer Tech. LJ? 43 (2017): 97. Jacobsen, Kristen M. Game of Phones, Data Isnt Coming: Modern Mobile Operating System Encryption and Its Chilling Effect on Law Enforcement. Geo. Wash. L. Rev.? 85 (2017): 566. Owsley, Brian L. Can Apple build a privacy minded iPhone security system so secure that Apple cannot access it?. Health and Technology (2017): 1-8. Stephan, Karl. Apple Versus the Feds: How a smartphone stymied the FBI. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine 6.2 (2017): 103-104.

World Trade Organization Agreement on Anti-Dumping Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The EU s anti-dumping measures are typically directed at low-priced goods origination from Asia. The EU has expressed a concern that EU markets will become saturated with low-priced products from Asia and its primary focus has always been China (Andersen 2006). An anti-dumping complaint lodged by China against the EU with the WTO Dispute Settlement Board in 2009 was finally resolved by the WTO s Appellate Body on 21st September 2011 (China v the EU Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China, WTO Dispute, DS397, 2011). The dispute lodged by China was initiated in July 2009 in which China complained that the EU s decision in January 2009 to impose a definitive anti-dumping order on Chinese exporters of Chinese fasteners were inconsistent with obligations to the WTO and the Anti-dumping agreement (China v the EU Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China, WTO Dispute, DS397, 2011). Two companies involved were Chin ese firms but were European subsidiaries and were not caught by the EU s anti-dumping duty order. The tariffs applicable to the duty order were between 26.5% to just below 80% and applied to all Chinese exporters of Chinese fasteners except for the two European subsidiaries (China v the EU Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China, WTO Dispute, DS397, 2011). The EU s duty order against Chinese exporters of Chinese fasteners was facilitated by EU Council Regulation 384/96 of 1995 which permitted protection relative to imports originating from non-EU member states. We will write a custom essay sample on World Trade Organization Agreement on Anti-Dumping or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Adolescent Years Is The Hardest For Most Of Our Society

Adolescent years is the hardest for most of our society. You always hear adults complaining about this age group (12-18 years of age). After studying more about why adolescents are stereo typed, has shown to me that there are emotion, physical, mental changes that happen during this time in a person’s life. Going through the adolescent stage of life is difficult and many cope in different ways as they go through these changes in their lives. Hannah Hardy is a 17 year old female adolescent. She is a Junior at Taylorsville High School and is on the track and tennis team. Hannah and her family have been a family friend for a couple years now. I have not been able to get to know Hannah as well, so I chose her to do an hour interview at her house. Hannah is not like everyone her age and is very mature. I decided to focus on identity, peer group, and family aspects of an adolescent by asking Hannah different questions that I came up with. I hoped to learn about other views of being a teenager than my own experience from when I was in my adolescent years. The reasoning behind my interview is to see how an adolescent deals with peer pressure and changes that come in these years. My adolescent years were hard for me. I followed my peers, due to not having my own identity. I have found, through Hannah, if you have strong morals and beliefs, going through adolescent years can be hard but she has been very successful due to knowing what she wants out of life. When I asked Hannah ifShow MoreRelatedAdolescence Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe adolescence time period of one’s life proves to be one of the most enjoyable times of one’s life. However, it also tends to bring about major difficulties and challenges. It’s not all fun; it’s hard. And it’s much harder for girls than guys. 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Critical Thinking Distance Education And Traditional...

Educationally wise our community, life experiences and past professor’s we have come in contact with have played a significant role in our development as doctoral students we are becoming today. As we being to reflect on what we read we will begin the process of higher level thinking. The sole purpose of this paper is to examine, compare, and synthesize themes of three empirical articles. The three articles compared were as follows: article one by Weidman, Stein (2003) titled â€Å"Socialization of doctoral students to the academic norms was a study.† Article two by Baker Lattuca (2010) titled â€Å"Developmental networks and learning toward an interdisciplinary perspective on identity development†looked at the bond between theories. Article three Visser, Visser Schlosser (2003) titled â€Å"Critical thinking distance education and traditional education† acknowledged the benefits by relating both educational settings. In comparison to all three article s were written with a different purpose in mind, with all three connecting to the same theme, â€Å"How does faculty play a role in the development of the doctoral student?† There were similarities found in the subject addressed. However, it was also apparent that there were differences in each article. Research Question Comparing all three empirical articles include Article One: This research posed a question does the relationship with the academic department play a role in developing socialization and does this impact participation inShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Distance Education And Traditional Education853 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of the character of the doctoral student. Article three Visser, Visser Schlosser (2003) Critical thinking distance education and traditional education implies that critical thinking has no different role than in traditional education. 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Understand Professional Supervision Essay - 2318 Words

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The supervisor is in one role and one focus at a time and can therefore respond in one of nine ways. | |Supervisors all have personal habits which lean towards some of the roles or focuss must choose the interaction required for the supervisees learning|Show MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By Ethnic Minority Supervisors1216 Words   |  5 PagesMinority Supervisors in Clinical Supervision Personal Preparation My specialization paper will focus on the challenges faced by ethnic minority supervisors in clinical supervision. My paper is guided by the courses I took in the doctoral program, my personal experience as a supervisor and the gaps in literature review that motivated me to pursue this area of research. 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Business Product Possibility - Free Sample by Experts

Question: Describe about the Business Product Possibility. Answer: 1. (a) Production possibility frontier is mainly used to graph the combination of the amounts of two commodities that can be produced by using the similar amount of each factor of production. The production possibility curve is used to show tradeoff that is faced while allocating time to study each of two units for the final exam (Smith et al. 2012). Figure 1: Production possibility frontier (Source: Created by Author) The line or curve that is mainly used in the PPF, acts as a benchmark in order to measure efficiency. The PPF graph shows the time that is allocated among two subjects (Economics and Geography), during the final exam. The point on the graph shows the tradeoff that takes place between two units. In order to allocate more time to study economics, the individual must give up time that he is spending to study Geography (Benhabib and Nishimura 2012). Assumptions that are made in order to construct a possible combination are as follows: The amount of time as well as resources in the economy is fixed, however these can be transferred from one use to the other use The resources are used fully and competently The level of technology is assumed to be invariable Only two units are considered and the time is allocated in different proportion (Manning 2014). (b) In the above example, the time used to study geography is given up in order to allocate more time to study economics. As a result, the sacrifice of time to study geography is considered as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is calculated as the total time of the second subject that is given up to allocate that time for the first subject (Kurzban et al. 2013). (c) Efficiency takes place when an economy is operating on the PPF. Figure: Efficiency (Source: Created by Author) The point A, B and C are the efficient combination of output that is lying on the PPF. (d) An outward shift in the production possibility curve reflects growth however; an inward shift leads to decreasing output. In this case, PPF had shifted outwards due to more education and advancement in technology. 2. (a) The factors affecting demand are as follows: The taste and preferences of the customers: After the release of the movie Finding Nemo, many people fell in love with the character Nemo and as a result, the preference increased as they wanted one clownfish in their aquarium. The taste of the individuals changed from marine fish to clown fish (Bowen and Sosa 2014). The number of customers in the market: As more and more individuals enter the market, the demand for the good also increases that they are willing to purchase. Similarly, the demand for clownfish also increased as the number of customers in the market increased. The factors affecting supply are as follows: Price of the given commodity: Price is the most important factor that helps to determine supply of clownfish. Price of clownfish and its supply are related directly. As a result, as the price of clownfish will increase the supply will also increase (Ehrenberg and Smith 2016). Prices of factors of production: As the amount allocated to factors of production is increased, the cost of production will also increase. As a result, profit decreases (Liu and Li 2014). Taxation Policy: If the government introduces tax on the sale of clownfish, it will lead to decrease in the supply of clownfish. The factors affecting elasticity are as follows: Nature of Commodity: Elasticity of demand of a commodity is generally influenced by its nature. In other words, the elasticity for clownfish will completely depend on whether the individuals will consider clownfish as a comfort, luxury or a necessity good. In this case, clownfish is considered as a luxury good rather than a necessity. Income Level: Elasticity for demand will also depend on the higher level of income as compared to lower income groups. In this case, the elasticity for higher income group will be inelastic, as the change in price will not affect their demand for clownfish (Clipperton 2016). (b) The scientists and animal rights groups worry about the regal blue tang fish species after the release of the movie Finding Dory in 2016 because unlike the clownfish that represented Finding Nemo, the scientists and aquarists will not be able to breed the blue tang that represents Dory. As a result, it will lead to severe worry, as this will lead to pressure on the species. The pressure will arise when the individuals will become interested to purchase pet blue tangs, as they were interested to purchase clownfish. Salt-water fish like Blue Tang do not breed in captivity like most other fresh water that can breed in a tank. As a result, the species of clownfish was not affected after the release of Finding Nemo in the year 2003, as the fish can be bred in captivity (Das 2015). 3. (a) The type of small business that is likely to get started is interior decorating as many people become quite happy to hire an interior decorator to decorate their house. An interior designer provides a quality interior environment and also allocates and organizes a space to suit its operation. (b) The main inputs under the factors of production are as follows: Land Land is the economic resource that is used to encompass natural resources that is found in the economy. Land is also a limited resource for most of the economies. In order to create a small business, the interior decorator requires this natural resource to build its office. Labor: Human capital is mainly represented by labor that helps to transform raw materials into customer goods. An interior decorator also requires able-bodied workers who will help to transform the raw material that is required for decorating a house as per the instruction of the decorator. An interior decorator mainly hires outside contractors to help with the work. Capital: Capital mainly represents the monetary resources that are used to purchase raw materials. Capital will help to purchase a resource that includes lighting fixtures, wallpaper as well as accessories (Goodman 2015). (c) Economic costs that are associated with the proposed business are the hidden cost that includes shipping cost. Shipping costs generally includes the cost of delivery, broker fees and authoritarian charges. The hidden cost also includes the cost related to extra furniture as well as extra costs related to painting. Interior decorator also hires outside contractors and as a result, it involves extra cost. (d) The cost that is discussed in point c refers to explicit cost. This is because explicit costs are those costs that are reported as a separate cost. The costs that are discussed involve payment made to purchase raw materials as well as employee wages and shipping cost. (e) In order to operate the business in the perfectly competitive market, it very important to determine the number of customers in the market. The interior decorator needs to consider that there are no barriers to entry or exit and there is perfect information about all the goods in the market. It also needs to consider its competitors and charge price accordingly. References Benhabib, J. and Nishimura, K., 2012. Competitive equilibrium cycles. InNonlinear Dynamics in Equilibrium Models(pp. 75-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bowen, W.G. and Sosa, J.A., 2014.Prospects for faculty in the arts and sciences: A study of factors affecting demand and supply, 1987 to 2012. Princeton University Press. Clipperton, J., 2016. Paracanthurus hepatus.UltraMarine Magazine, (58), p.22. Das, S., 2015.The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth is Unattainable and the Global Economy is in Peril. Westland. Ehrenberg, R.G. and Smith, R.S., 2016.Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge. Goodman, C., 2015. Glycobiology: Interior decorating.Nature chemical biology,11(11), pp.829-829. Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J.W. and Myers, J., 2013. An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,36(06), pp.661-679. Liu, K. and Li, X., 2014, October. Finding Nemo: Finding Your Lost Child in Crowds via Mobile Crowd Sensing. In2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems(pp. 1-9). IEEE. Manning, R., 2014. production-possibility frontier.Production Sets, p.51. Smith, F.P., Gorddard, R., House, A.P., McIntyre, S. and Prober, S.M., 2012. Biodiversity and agriculture: production frontiers as a framework for exploring trade-offs and evaluating policy.Environmental Science Policy,23, pp.85-94.

Windows Networking Design Implementation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Windows Networking Design Implementation? Answer: Introduction The present IT infrastructure of B2B Company will be investigated. The exisiting threats of the present network will be studied. The secured network design with necessary IP addressing , hard ware and software requirements will be studied. The network devices that are needed to implement the secured network design will be explained briefly. Network diagrams and IP addressing designs will be made. Network Design Project Scope The network planning[1] by keeping security as one of the important parameters.B2B company has six departments and the requirement is a router across each department and hence the network is designed with 6 routers and these six router share 500 workstations. Finance department has 100 workstations. Transport office has 50 workstations. Research office has 25 workstations. Sales office has 25 workstations. Information technology has 250 workstations. The head office has 50 workstations. Security devices are provided in layers to implement the safe handling of the network. As a network security architect, the criteria to be implemented are taken into consideration. The network is designed in such a manner that it has proper flow of information [2]. To implement the confidentiality, the network is protected or crypted with passwords. Web based filtering is also implemented by using proper certified website through a web filter and also by blocking the insecure sites. Role based access control is also implemented in the network. RBAC is used to aid the users perform specific tasks according to the departments. The network also has IPS, firewall and webservers[3]. Security Threats A security threat[5] is nothing but a risk that can create harm or damage the network's working environment. The threat mostly comes in the form of a software threat. There are many threats that can affect the network. Some of the security threats are Ransom ware Software vulnerabilities Hacktivism Online hacking Cloud attacks The threats may also come in the form of virus, Trojans. DoS attack is nothing but the denial of service attack that is used to create data traffic artificially and can make a server drown very easily. The threats can also be categorized into physical and non-physical threats. The physical threats are nothing but the threats that cause damage to the devices. The types of physical threats are internal, external and humans. Nonphysical threat is the one that creates loss of data or information. The nonphysical threats are also called the logical threats. The logical threats are more dangerous. Secure Network Design Security is considered as a major factor in designing the network. More layers of security are provided. The first layer of security is provided by the VPN[7][8]. The second layer of security is provided by the firewall. The third layer of security is provided by IPS. VPN diagram is shown below. Since different sites are used the end users may need to send the data through WAN. VPN will give lot of security features in this type of IT network infrastructure. Detailed diagram of the LAN network is shown. The IP addressing scan be as per the requirement. Finance Office got 100 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_Finance and the allowed IP ranges can be 192.168.1.1-192.168.1.120 Transport Office got 50 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_Transport and the allowed IP ranges can be 168.1.121-192.168.1.180 Research Office got 25 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_Research and the allowed IP ranges can be 168.1.181-192.168.1.210 Sales Office got 25 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_Sales and the allowed IP ranges can be 168.2.1 - 192.168.2.40 Information technology got 250 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_IT and the allowed IP ranges can be 168.3.1-192.168.1.254 Head Office got 50 workstations. In DHCP server this can be Scope_Headoffice and the allowed IP ranges can be 168.4.1-192.168.4.60 The security blocks used in the network include Firewall Antivirus server IPS system Three layers of security are implemented in the network diagram. First layer of security is implemented by the firewall. Second layer of security is implemented by the anti-virus servers. The third level of security is implemented by the IPS system. Firewall is installed between the router and the server. In order to provide the security to the servers, antivirus server is also implemented. PS is the abbreviation of Intrusion Prevention System. It protects against the threats by examining the network traffic. Hardware requirements and devices Required hardware [6] to implement the secured network is explained below. A router is a one that establishes connection between two or more wired or wireless devices that frames a structured network. Router has memory and operates like a embedded device. Router is also responsible for handling incoming and outgoing packets. Packets are basic unit of the network. There are many types of router like Brouter, Core router, Edge router, Virtual router, Wireless router. Manufacturers Name-- Cisco Series Series-- Integrated Services Routers Model-- 4000 Switches are used to connect devices. Router also serves the same functionality but the difference is that routers are used to connect the network and the witches are used to create the network. There are two main types of switches. They are manageable switches and non-manageable switches. Switches are considered as valuable assets for a network. Switch have many ports. According to the port, the switch can be 2 port switch, 4 port switch or the multiple port switch. Switch allows the flow of the network in a structured manner. Manufacturers Name Cisco Series Catalyst Switch Model 6880-X Network cables are used to connect one device to the other device physically.There are many types of cables used in network.They are Twisted pair Fiber optic Coaxial Patch Power lines Twisted pair cable is one which has pairs of wires in twisted form.Fibre optic cable is one which has glass core in the center that is surrounded by many protective materials.The protective layer is nothing but the layer of insulating jacket. Patch cable is one which is mostly used for connecting electrical devices Manufacturers Name Hitech Products Private Limited (falcon Cables) Series Networking cable Model CAT-5 Like a wall which gives security to the buildings, firewall also refers to the system which provides security to the networks. Firewall blocks the authorized access. Firewall can be a software application or a hard ware device. Web Server A webserver is one that aids one to browse or handle webpages. The webserver works with the help of HHTP.HTTP is a type of protocol. They share the viewing and editing control of webpages upon request Software Requirements Windows servers need Windows 2012 R2 Operating system[10]. Web server can be implemented in Apache/IIS. Routers and switche3s will be having inbuilt OS. CIAA CIAA stands for confidentiality, integrity, availability and authentication[8]. In the present network VPN is configured. So the data confidentiality is ensured. Integrity can be checked by using many techniques like parities. Availability can be implements for keeping the data in multiple palces. Authentication can be achieved by using active directory in this design Conclusion The security implementation to the various blocks used in the network diagram is clearly explained. The misconfiguration of webserver by an attacker is prevented by using the antivirus server. The antivirus server protects the application server from vulnerable software. Suppose a malicious document gets opened by an employee, it can be considered as a threat. The threat can be avoided by taking care of the network traffic using the IPS system. DNS server is also kept away from the cache poisoning using the IPS system. References [1]"Network design checklist: How to design a LAN",SearchITChannel, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/feature/Network-design-checklist-Six-factors-to-consider-when-designing-LANs. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [2]I. Cisco Systems, "Introduction to Cisco Network Design Designing Campus Networks",Ciscopress.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=25259. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [3]"Campus Network Design Models",Network Computing, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.networkcomputing.com/data-centers/campus-network-design-models/1685370612. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [4]P. Oppenheimer,Top-down network design. Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press, 2011. [5]"Security Threats",Msdn.microsoft.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723507.aspx. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [6]"Network Devices", 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.certiology.com/computing/computer-networking/network-devices.html. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [7]"How VPN Works: Virtual Private Network (VPN)",Technet.microsoft.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc779919(v=ws.10).aspx. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [8]"Information Security Concepts +1: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availablity, and Authenticity",Bright Hub, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.brighthub.com/computing/smb-security/articles/29153.aspx. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [9]V. Ltd., "Network solutions, network monitoring, network filrewall systems, network security - VirtueWorld - Website Design and Development",Virtueworld.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.virtueworld.com/network_solutions/designing_and_implementation_of_vpn_networks.html. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017]. [10]"Windows Networking Design Implementation Guide",Cisco, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/additional-legacy-protocols/ms-windows-networking/10624-winnt-dg.html. [Accessed: 29- Sep- 2017].